In troposphere under normal conditions the air pressure water vapor pressure and temperature reduces with the increase of height above earth. As a result of this the refractive index also reduces with

While the M curve has a negative slope the curvature of the ray is concave downward on a plane earth diagram and the true curvature of the rays is greater than the curvature of the earth. Hence rays w

Pulse amplitude modulation, pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation form cases of analog pulse system. Pulse code modulation and delta modulation form cases of digital pulse modulation. P

The radio waves traveling through the ionosphere possess kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is imparted to the free electrons. Thus these free electrons in the ionosphere are set to vibration. These

By fading of a radio signal we mean that incident wave change in the field strength of signal received from distant transmitter. The fading of signal may be put into the following two categories namel

The earth’s magnetic field exerts a deflecting force on the moving electrons. This force on an electron is proportional to the product of instantaneous velocity of the electron and the component of ea

Affording your business an edge in both advertising marketing is a smart idea and creating an opportunity to target your customers in such a way as to strengthen your business relationship and increas

The Microwaves are portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where the wavelength falls between about one millimeter and thirty centimeters. Microwave frequency bands extend from about one gigahertz to

All of us have our favorite radio stations that we preset into our car radios and keep on flipping between them as we drive to and from work, on errands and around town. But at times we travel too far

The functions performed by repeaters are amplification and frequency down conversion. Repeater amplifies signal from a low power level of the order of negative hundred decibels watt to an output power